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Fundamentals of Biology

Lesson 13

Angiosperms, Flowers, Leaves , Vascular Tissue


I. Angiosperms.

    A. General information.
        1. "Seed in a vessel" - ovary surrounds the seed.
        2. Flowers and fruits.
        3. 95% of all seed plants, 80% of all plant species.

    B. Chief characteristics
        1. Flowers that aid in pollen dispersal, often quite visibly attractive.
        2. Fruits that protect the seed and aid in its dispersal.
        3. Rapid growth, esp. of reproductive structures.
        4. Rapid rate of photosynthesis, broad light-catching leaves.

    C. Monocots and Dicots.
 
  Monocots Dicots
Number of cotyledons 1 2
Flower part groupings 3's 4's & 5's
Leaf venation Parallel Netted
Vascular tissue Scattered bundles;
Usually no cambium
Ring of bundles or continuous ring;
Cambium in woody
Root system Fibrous roots Taproot
Forms Mostly herbs Herbs, shrubs, trees

II. Flower Structure.

    A. Sepal and petal.
    B. Stamen.
        1. Anther.
        2. Filament.
        3. Pollen.
    C. Carpel.
        1. Stigma.
        2. Style.
        3. Ovary.

III. Angiosperm reproduction.

    A. Sporophyte: the mature plant, including the flower.
        1. Produces male and female haploid structures.
    B. Gametophyte.
        1. Anther produces pollen grains (microgametophyte).
        2. Pollen grains fall on the stigma and grow down into the ovary.
        3. Ovary produces a megagametophyte.
    C. Seed production.
        1. The pollen tube fertilizes the megagametophyte, producing a diploid zygote.
        2. The pollen tube also fertilizes surrounding cells which become the endosperm - a nutrient store that nourishes the developing embryo.
        3. The zygote grows into the embryo.
        4. The seed is formed around the embryo and the endosperm.

IV. Leaf Structure.

    A. Simple and compound.

    B. Parts.
        1. Petiole.
        2. Midrib.
        3. Blade.

    C. Cross section.
        1. Cuticle.
        2. Upper epidermis.
        3. Palisade mesophyll.
        4. Spongy mesophyll.
        5. Lower epidermis.
        6. Cuticle.

    D. Stomata and guard cells.

V.  Vascular Tissue

    A. Xylem.
        1. Transports water and nutrients up from the roots to the leaves.
        2. Two types of cells, both dead when mature.
            a. Tracheids - pits in the cell walls to conduct water more efficiently.
            b.  Vessel cells - cell walls have been digested at the ends, leaving a tube.
        3. Theories of the mechanism of conduction.
            a. Root pressure.
            b. Capillary action.
            c. Transpiration.
    B. Phloem.
        1. Transports food from leaves to roots.
        2. Two types of cells, both must be alive to perform.
            a. Sieve cells.
                i. Conduct food through many pores at the end of the cell.
                ii. Contain cytoplasm, but no nuclei.
            b. Companion cells contain nuclei.
        3. Material moves by osmotic flow.

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