I. The Nature of Man.

    A. One being, 2 aspects.
        1. Physical, spiritual.
        2. Important to avoid reductionism, compartmentalism.

    B. Image of God.
        1. “Image” primarily means presence of the deity.
        2. Not limited except in morals; all that man is reveals God in some way.
        3. A spiritual nature is supremely important. (Gen. 2:7)
        4. Dominion over the earth is a major factor. (Gen. 1:27)
        5. Knowledge, righteousness, and holiness are key ingredients. (Eph. 4:24; Col 3:10)
        6. Christ is the true (perfect, complete) image of God. (Heb. 1:3)

    C. Man distinct from animals.
        1. A spiritual creature.
        2. Morally accountable.
        3. Misleading to call him an “embodied spirit”.
        4. More like God than like animals. (Ps. 8:5)

    D. This class focuses on the physical side of human beings, but the physical and spiritual can never be separated.

II. Animal Behavior.

    A. Innate.
        1. Reflex: bypasses the brain.
        2. Instinct.
            a. Complex reaction to various stimuli.
            b. Immediate competency (no learning involved).

    B. Learned.
        1. Response to the example or instruction of others.
        2. Developed over time.

    C. Intelligent: involves reason.

III. Terms.

    A. Anatomy – how a structure is shaped, where it is found, of what it is made.
    B. Physiology – how a structure functions.
    C. Ventral (anterior) – toward the front (stomach side).
    D. Dorsal (posterior) – toward the back.
    E. Superior – upward, toward the head.
    F. Inferior – downward, toward the feet.
    G. Superficial – on or near the surface.
    H. Deep – toward the inside.
    I. Proximal – toward the main part of the body.
    J. Distal – away from the main part.
    K. Lateral – toward the side.
    L. Medial – toward the middle.
    M. Transverse – across the body.

IV. Anatomical organization.

    A. Tissues.
        1. A group of cells all of the same type.
        2. E.g. muscle, connective, nerve.

    B. Organs
        1. A group of tissues that perform a specific task.
        2. E.g. heart, lung, kidney.

    C. Systems.
        1. A group of organs that accomplish a bodily function.
        2. E.g. digestive, respiratory.

V. Tissues.

    A. Terms.
        1. Matrix – substance secreted by cells that surrounds them.
        2. Vascular – permeated by blood vessels.

    B. Types of matrices.
        1. Solid – bone.
        2. Fluid – blood.
        3. Fibrous – ligaments.
        4. Gel – nose.

    C. Epithelial.
        1. Cover, line, protect, and secrete.
        2. No or very little matrix.
        3. Avascular.

    D. Connective.
        1. Characteristics.
            a. Connect, support, cushion, and fill.
            b. Much matrix.
            c. Usually vascular.
        2. Bone – solid matrix.
        3. Cartilage.
            a. Matrix of fibers in a gel.
            b. Nose.
        4. Dense fibrous.
            a. Fiber bundle matrix.
            b. Joins bones and muscles.
            c. Ligaments and tendons.
        5. Loose fibrous.
            a. Fibers in a soft matrix.
            b. Hold organs in place.
        6. Adipose.
            a. Cells with large lipid-storing vacuoles.
            b. Cushion, insulate.
        7. Blood.
            a. Fluid matrix.
            b. Transport.
        8. Lymph.
            a. Mostly fluid.
            b. Transport.
        9. Hemopoietic.
            a. Delicate fiber network.
            b. Forms blood cells.
            c. Bone marrow.

    E. Muscle.
        1. Characteristics.
            a. Move the body and substances in the body.
            b. Little matrix.
            c. Vascular.
        2. Skeletal.
            a. Long, multinucleate, striated.
            b. Moves bones and other structures.
        3. Visceral.
            a. Short, uninucleate, striated.
            b. Operates organs; e.g. moves substances in tubular organs, changes size of pupil.
        4. Cardiac.
            a. Short, uninucleate, striated.
            b. Pumps blood.

    F. Nerve.
        1. Irritable, conduct impulses.
        2. Little matrix.
        3. Vascular.

VI. Systems.
    A. Integumentary – skin.
    B. Skeletal – bones, cartilage, joins.
    C. Muscular – muscles.
    D. Respiratory – nose, lungs, etc.
    E. Digestive – mouth, stomach, etc.
    F. Circulatory – heart, blood vessels, etc.
    G. Lymphatic – lymph, etc.
    H. Excretory – kidneys, bladder.
    I. Nervous – brain, nerves, sensory organs, etc.
    J. Endocrine – hormone-producing glands.
    K. Reproductive – ovaries, uterus, testes, etc.
 

I. Purposes.

    A. Protection – barrier to the outside.
    B. Sensation – nerve receptors embeddded.
    C. Heat control.
        1. Sweat.
        2. Blood volume.
    D. Excretion.
    E. Vitamin and hormone manufacture (small amounts of vitamin D and testosterone).
    F. Absorption.

II. Layers.

    A. Epidermis.
        1. Composed entirely of epithelial tissues.
        2. Stratum corneum (horny layer).
            a. Top layer.
            b. Dead cells filled with keratin.
            c. Constantly being sloughed off.
            d. Completely new epidermis every 25 days.
        3. Stratum germinativum.
            a. Under the stratum corneum.
            b. Produces new cells.

    B. Dermis.
        1. Mostly connective tissues.
        2. Contains blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles.

    C. Subcutaneous.
        1. Not actually part of skin.
        2. Attaches dermis to muscles.
        3. Contains fat deposits that insulate, cushion, and smooth the contours of the body.

    D. Many connective fibers are elastic; aging causes loss of elasticity, leaves wrinkles.

III. Hair.

    A. All over the body except palms of hands and soles of feet.

    B. Hair follicle.
        1. In the dermis or subcutaneous layer.
        2. Contains the root of the hair.
        3. Produces hair cells and fills with keratin and pigment.
        4. Elliptical shape gives rise to kinky hair.
        5. Round shape gives rise to straight hair.

    C. Hair is a collection of dead, protein-filled cells.

    D. Erector muscle causes hair to stand on end.

IV. Glands.

    A. Sebaceous – produces oil that keeps hair and skin soft.

    B. Sweat.
        1. 80 per in.
        2. Perspiration.
            a. 99% water.
            b. 1% salts, sugars, amino acids, urea.
        3. Body at rest secretes .5 pt. sweat per day.
        4. Exercise on a hot day can produce 2 gal.

I. Bone Anatomy.

    A. Types.
        1. Long.
        2. Short.
        3. Irregular.
        4. Flat.

    B. The Long Bone.
        1. Parts.
            a. Shaft (main part).
            b. Epiphyses (ends).
            c. Epiphyseal (growth) plate.
        2. Coverings.
            a. Epiphyses
                i. Articular cartilage.
                ii. Smooth movement and cushioning.
            b. Shaft.
                i. Periosteum: dense, white, fibrous tissue.
                ii. Muscle attachment, bone growth, repair.
        3. Composition.
            a. Shaft.
                i. Compact bone.
                ii. Hollow center called the marrow cavity.
                iii. Endosteum.
                    a) The lining of the marrow cavity.
                    b) Involved in growth and repair.
                    c) In young people, mostly filled with red bone marrow.
                    d) Red bone marrow produces blood cells.
                    e) In old people, yellow bone marrow replaces the red bone marrow.
                    f) Yellow bone marrow is a fatty tissue.
            b. Epiphyses.
                i. Spongy bone.
                ii. Contains many small spaces.
                iii. Filled with red bone marrow and fat.
                iv. This red bone marrow produces blood til death.

    C. The Haversian system.
        1. Found in all compact bone tissue.
        2. Central canal containing a blood vessel.
        3. Concentric layers of hard matrix (lamellae).
        4. Pools between these layers (lacunae).
        5. Osteocytes  in the pools.
        6. Tiny canals (canaliculi) penetrate the layers, joining the pools with the central canal.

II. Bone Formation.

    A. The embryo skeleton is mostly cartilage.
    B. Ossification is the process of converting cartilage to bone.
    C. Ossification begins in the sixth week and continues until late teens when growth stops.
    D. Calcium is transported into the cartilage,
    E. Ossification begins in the middle of the bone and moves outward.

III. Joints.

    A. Types of Joints.
        1. Freely movable: smooth joints to enable ease of motion.
        2. Slightly movable.
            a. Pad of cartilage permits limited movement.
            b. Vertebrae.
        3. Immovable.
            a. Where bones meet or where bona attached to cartilage.
            b. Sutures: interlocking margins of skull bones.

    B. Types of Movable Joints.
        1. Ball-and-socket.
            a. Free movement in all directions.
            b. Shoulder, hip.
        2. Hinge.
            a. Bending only in one direction.
            b. Elbow, knee, fingers.
        3. Pivot.
            a. Rotating and swiveling.
            b. Neck.
        4. Gliding.
            a. Limited movement sideways and up and down.
            b. Wrist and ankle.